From the bottom up : how small power producers and mini-grids can deliver electrification and renewable energy in Africa /
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| Format: | Electronic eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Washington, DC :
The World Bank,
[2014]
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| Series: | Directions in development (Washington, D.C.). Energy and mining.
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Connect to this title online(unlimited simultaneous users allowed; 325 uses per year) |
Table of Contents:
- Machine generated contents note: Centralized and Decentralized Tracks to Electrification
- What Are Small Power Producers and Distributors?
- Regulating SPPs
- Regulating Main-Grid-Connected SPPs
- Regulating SPPs and Mini-Grids That Sell to Retail Customers
- Preparing for the Arrival of the Main Grid
- From Broad Strategy to Ground-Level Implementation
- ch. 1 Introduction
- Abstract
- Africa's Two-Track Approach to Rural Electrification
- Our Purpose and Approach
- What Are the Typical Starting Conditions in Africa?
- Whose Regulatory Decisions?
- Acknowledging Controversies and Understanding Different Vocabularies
- Regulation: The Problem or One Part of the Solution?
- Two Other Important Success Factors
- Organization of the Guide
- Chapter Highlights
- Notes
- References
- ch. 2 Small Power Producers, Small Power Distributors, and Electrification: Concepts and Examples
- Abstract
- What Are Small Power Producers?
- Four Main Types of Grid and Off-Grid SPPs in Africa
- Combinations of Cases
- Purchases As Well As Sales
- Mini-Grids and SPPs: A Clarification
- Which Types of SPPs Are Likely to Achieve Commercial Viability? Some Early Evidence from Tanzania
- What Are SPDs?
- Electrification: What Is It and How Can It Be Measured?
- Defining Electrification as Connections
- Defining Electrification as Needs Served
- Traditional Electrification Ladder Approach and Its Weaknesses
- Measuring Electrification by Its Attributes
- Measuring Electrification: From Theory to Practice
- Notes
- References
- ch. 3 Regulation of Small Power Producers and Mini-Grids: An Overview
- Abstract
- What Is Regulation?
- Three Types of Regulatory Decisions That Affect SPPs
- Importance of Regulatory Process
- Light-Handed Regulation: When It Works and When It Doesn't
- To Regulate or Deregulate? A Specific Example
- Who Should Regulate SPPs and Mini-Grids?
- Notes
- References
- ch. 4 Regulatory Processes and Approvals: Who Approves What, When, and How?
- Abstract
- Key Approvals Required: Electricity Sector-Specific versus General Approvals
- Successful Example: The Regulatory Process in Sri Lanka
- Should Resale of Provisional Approvals, Final Permits, or Licenses Be Allowed?
- Licensing: Does the SPP Have a Legal Right to Exist?
- Recommended Characteristics of a Good Regulatory Review and Approval System
- Notes
- References
- ch. 5 Regulatory Treatment of Subsidies, Carbon Credits, and Advance Payments
- Abstract
- Types and Sources of Subsidies Available to SPPs and Their Customers
- Regulating Subsidies: The Key Recommendation
- Subsidies for Connection Charges and Costs
- Cross-Subsidies in Tariffs
- Revenues Earned from Carbon Credits through the Clean Development Mechanism or Other Carbon Credit Programs
- Advance Payments to Close the Equity Gap
- Notes
- References
- ch. 6 Regulatory Decisions for Grid-Connected Small Power Producers
- Abstract
- Comparing the Purchase Agreements of SPPs and Independent Producers
- Should the Power-Purchase Agreement Include a "Deemed Energy" Clause?
- Tariffs for Backup Power Purchased by the SPP
- Should the SPP Have the Option of Not Entering a Backup Capacity Contract?
- Notes
- References
- ch. 7 Grid-Connected SPPs: Creating Workable Feed-In Tariffs
- Abstract
- What Are Feed-In Tariffs?
- Two Principal Methods for Setting FITs in Developing Countries
- Local Currency versus Hard Currency
- Major FIT Implementation Questions and Issues
- Who Should Pay the Extra Costs of FITs?
- Donor Top-Ups of FITs
- Walking Up the Renewable Energy Supply Curve: A Recommended Strategy
- Notes
- References
- ch. 8 Technical and Economic Rules Governing Grid-Integration Interconnections and Operations
- Abstract
- Basic Terms and Concepts
- Standardizing the Process for SPPs to Interconnect to a National or Regional Grid
- Scope of the Engineering Standards for Interconnection
- Paying for Interconnection Costs
- Successful Integration of SPPs into the Grid: Technical and Commercial Requirements
- Factors to Consider When Connecting to an Isolated Mini-Grid with Existing Diesel Generators
- Notes
- References
- ch. 9 Regulatory Decisions for Small Power Producers Serving Retail Customers: Tariffs and Quality of Service
- Abstract
- Setting Retail Tariff Levels: Concepts and Cases
- Cost-Reflective Tariffs for Isolated SPPs: How Can the Cost-Revenue Gap Be Closed?
- What Can a Regulator Do to Promote the Commercial Viability of Isolated Mini-Grids?
- Tariff Levels for Community-Owned SPPs
- Setting Tariff Structures: Concepts and Cases
- Should Tariffs Be Prepaid or Postpaid?
- Alternatives to Setting Retail Tariffs on a Case-by-Case Basis
- Setting Quality-of-Service Standards
- Notes
- References
- ch. 10 When the Big Grid Connects to a Little Grid
- Abstract
- From Broad Strategy to Ground-Level Implementation
- Recommendations for When the Big Grid Arrives
- Fate of Physical Assets in Each Option
- Creating a Viable SPD Option
- Importance of the Distribution Margin
- Transitioning from an Isolated to a Main Grid SPP: Technical Issues
- Technical Requirements of Shifting from Isolated to Grid-Connected Operation
- Islanding
- Notes
- References
- ch. 11 Final Thoughts
- Abstract
- What Else Is Required for a Successful SPP Program?
- To Regulate or Not to Regulate?
- Where to Go from Here
- Notes
- References
- Appendix A Hybrid Small Power Producers
- What Are Hybrid Power Systems?
- Should Hybrid SPPs on Isolated Mini-Grids Be Allowed?
- Should Grid-Connected Hybrid SPPs Be Allowed?
- Notes
- References
- Appendix B Conversion of Flat Monthly Charges to per-kWh Charges
- Appendix C Technical and Commercial Quality-of-Service Standards in Rural and Urban Areas of Peru
- Quality of Supply and Quality of Product
- Quality of Commercial Service
- Reference
- Appendix D Calculating the Effect of Cost-Reflective Technology-Specific Feed-In Tariffs on Retail Tariffs
- Sri Lanka
- Thailand
- References
- Appendix E Evaluation of Risk Allocation in a Power-Purchase Agreement for a Mini-Hydro Project in Rwanda
- Appendix F Feed-In Tariff Case Studies: Tanzania, Sri Lanka, and South Africa
- Tanzania's Feed-In Tariffs
- Sri Lanka's Feed-In Tariffs
- South Africa's Feed-In Tariffs and Competitive Procurements
- Notes
- References
- Appendix G Topping Up Feed-In Tariffs by Donors: Key Implementation Issues
- Eligible Renewable Technologies
- Uniform versus Particularized Top-Ups
- Disbursement
- Selection
- Relationship to Carbon Credits
- Top-Up, Buy-Down, or Both?
- Extra Top-Up for Electrification?
- Guarantees of Payment
- Concessional versus Market Financing for Equity and Debt
- References.