Research methods in human-computer interaction

Research methods in human-computer interaction /

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Lazar, Jonathan (Author), Feng, Jinjuan Heidi (Author), Hochheiser, Harry (Author)
Format: Electronic eBook
Language:English
Published: Cambridge, MA : Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, an imprint of Elsevier, [2017]
Edition:Second edition.
Subjects:
Human-computer interaction > Research.
Human-computer interaction.
Research.
Online Access:Connect to this title online (unlimited simultaneous users allowed; 325 uses per year)
Table of Contents:
  • Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction to HCI Research
  • 1.1. Introduction
  • 1.1.1. History of HCI
  • 1.2. Types of HCI Research Contributions
  • 1.3. Changes in Topics of HCI Research Over Time
  • 1.4. Changes in HCI Research Methods Over Time
  • 1.5. Understanding HCI Research Methods and Measurement
  • 1.6. Nature of Interdisciplinary Research in HCI
  • 1.7. Who is the Audience for Your Research?
  • 1.8. Understanding One Research Project in the Context of Related Research
  • 1.9. Inherent Trade-offs in HCI
  • 1.10. Summary of Chapters
  • References
  • ch. 2 Experimental Research
  • 2.1. Types of Behavioral Research
  • 2.2. Research Hypotheses
  • 2.2.1. Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis
  • 2.2.2. Dependent and Independent Variables
  • 2.2.3. Typical Independent Variables in HCI Research
  • 2.2.4. Typical Dependent Variables in HCI Research
  • 2.3. Basics of Experimental Research
  • 2.3.1. Components of an Experiment
  • 2.3.2. Randomization
  • 2.4. Significance Tests
  • 2.4.1. Why Do We Need Them?
  • 2.4.2. Type I and Type II Errors
  • 2.4.3. Controlling the Risks of Type I and Type II Errors
  • 2.5. Limitations of Experimental Research
  • 2.6. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 3 Experimental Design
  • 3.1. What Needs to be Considered When Designing Experiments?
  • 3.2. Determining the Basic Design Structure
  • 3.3. Investigating a Single Independent Variable
  • 3.3.1. Between-Group Design and Within-Group Design
  • 3.3.2. Choosing the Appropriate Design Approach
  • 3.4. Investigating More Than One Independent Variable
  • 3.4.1. Factorial Design
  • 3.4.2. Split-Plot Design
  • 3.4.3. Interaction Effects
  • 3.5. Reliability of Experimental Results
  • 3.5.1. Random Errors
  • 3.5.2. Systematic Errors
  • 3.6. Experimental Procedures
  • 3.7. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 4 Statistical Analysis
  • 4.1. Preparing Data for Statistical Analysis
  • 4.1.1. Cleaning Up Data
  • 4.1.2. Coding Data
  • 4.1.3. Organizing Data
  • 4.2. Descriptive Statistics
  • 4.2.1. Measures of Central Tendency
  • 4.2.2. Measures of Spread
  • 4.3. Comparing Means
  • 4.4. t Tests
  • 4.4.1. Independent-Samples t Test
  • 4.4.2. Paired-Samples / Test
  • 4.4.3. Interpretation of t Test Results
  • 4.4.4. Two-Tailed t Tests and One-Tailed t Tests
  • 4.5. Analysis of Variance
  • 4.5.1. One-Way ANOVA
  • 4.5.2. Factorial ANOVA
  • 4.5.3. Repeated Measures ANOVA
  • 4.5.4. ANOVA for Split-Plot Design
  • 4.6. Assumptions of t Tests and F Tests
  • 4.7. Identifying Relationships
  • 4.7.1. Correlation
  • 4.7.2. Regression
  • 4.8. Nonparametric Statistical Tests
  • 4.8.1. Chi-Squared Test
  • 4.8.2. Other Nonparametric Tests
  • 4.9. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 5 Surveys
  • 5.1. Introduction
  • 5.2. Benefits and Drawbacks of Surveys
  • 5.3. Goals and Targeted Users for Survey Research
  • 5.4. Probabilistic Sampling
  • 5.4.1. Stratification
  • 5.4.2. Response Size
  • 5.4.3. Errors
  • 5.5. Nonprobabilistic Sampling
  • 5.5.1. Demographic Data
  • 5.5.2. Oversampling
  • 5.5.3. Random Sampling of Usage, Not Users
  • 5.5.4. Self-Selected Surveys
  • 5.5.5. Uninvestigated Populations
  • 5.6. Developing Survey Questions
  • 5.6.1. Open-Ended Questions
  • 5.6.2. Closed-Ended Questions
  • 5.6.3. Common Problems With Survey Questions
  • 5.7. Overall Survey Structure
  • 5.8. Existing Surveys
  • 5.9. Paper or Online Surveys?
  • 5.10. Pilot Testing the Survey Tool
  • 5.11. Response Rate
  • 5.12. Data Analysis
  • 5.13. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 6 Diaries
  • 6.1. Introduction
  • 6.2. Why do we Use Diaries in HCI Research?
  • 6.3. Participants for a Diary Study
  • 6.4. What Type of Diary?
  • 6.4.1. Feedback Diary
  • 6.4.2. Elicitation Diary
  • 6.4.3. Hybrid Feedback and Elicitation Diary
  • 6.5. Data Collection for the Diary Study
  • 6.6. Letting Participants Know When to Record a Diary Entry
  • 6.7. Analysis of Diaries
  • 6.8. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 7 Case Studies
  • 7.1. Introduction
  • 7.2. Observing Sara: A Case Study of a Case Study
  • 7.3. What is a Case Study?
  • 7.3.1. In-Depth Investigation of a Small Number of Cases
  • 7.3.2. Examination in Context
  • 7.3.3. Multiple Data Sources
  • 7.3.4. Emphasis on Qualitative Data and Analysis
  • 7.4. Goals of HCI Case Studies
  • 7.4.1. Exploration
  • 7.4.2. Explanation
  • 7.4.3. Description
  • 7.4.4. Demonstration
  • 7.5. Types of Case Study
  • 7.5.1. Intrinsic or Instrumental
  • 7.5.2. Single Case or Multiple Cases
  • 7.5.3. Embedded or Holistic
  • 7.6. Research Questions and Hypotheses
  • 7.7. Choosing Cases
  • 7.8. Data Collection
  • 7.8.1. Data Sources and Questions
  • 7.8.2. Collecting Data
  • 7.9. Analysis and Interpretation
  • 7.10. Writing Up the Study
  • 7.11. Informal Case Studies
  • 7.12. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 8 Interviews and Focus Groups
  • 8.1. Introduction
  • 8.2. Pros and Cons of Interviews
  • 8.3. Applications of Interviews in HCI Research
  • 8.3.1. Initial Exploration
  • 8.3.2. Requirements Gathering
  • 8.3.3. Evaluation and Subjective Reactions
  • 8.4. Who to Interview
  • 8.5. Interview Strategies
  • 8.5.1. How Much Structure?
  • 8.5.2. Focused and Contextual Interviews
  • 8.6. Interviews vs Focus Groups
  • 8.7. Types of Questions
  • 8.8. Conducting an Interview
  • 8.8.1. Preparation
  • 8.8.2. Recording the Responses
  • 8.8.3. During the Interview
  • 8.9. Electronically Mediated Interviews and Focus Groups
  • 8.9.1. Telephone
  • 8.9.2. Online
  • 8.10. Analyzing Interview Data
  • 8.10.1. What to Analyze
  • 8.10.2. How to Analyze
  • 8.10.3. Validity
  • 8.10.4. Reporting Results
  • 8.11. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 9 Ethnography
  • 9.1. Introduction
  • 9.2. What is Ethnography?
  • 9.3. Ethnography in HCI
  • 9.4. Conducting Ethnographic Research
  • 9.4.1. Selecting a Site or Group of Interest
  • 9.4.2. Participating: Choosing a Role
  • 9.4.3. Building Relationships
  • 9.4.4. Making Contact
  • 9.4.5. Interviewing, Observing, Analyzing, Repeating, and Theorizing
  • 9.4.6. Reporting Results
  • 9.5. Some Examples
  • 9.5.1. Home Settings
  • 9.5.2. Work Settings
  • 9.5.3. Educational Settings
  • 9.5.4. Ethnographies of Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems
  • 9.5.5. Virtual Ethnography
  • 9.6. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 10 Usability Testing
  • 10.1. Introduction
  • 10.2. What is Usability Testing?
  • 10.3. How Does Usability Testing Relate to "Traditional" Research?
  • 10.4. Types of Usability Testing or Usability Inspections
  • 10.4.1. Expert-Based Testing
  • 10.4.2. Automated Usability Testing
  • 10.5. Process of User-Based Testing
  • 10.5.1. Formative and Summative Usability Testing
  • 10.5.2. Stages of Usability Testing
  • 10.5.3. How Many Users are Sufficient?
  • 10.5.4. Locations for Usability Testing
  • 10.5.5. Task Lists
  • 10.5.6. Measurement
  • 10.5.7. Usability Testing Session
  • 10.5.8. Making Sense of the Data
  • 10.6. Other Variations on Usability Testing
  • 10.7. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 11 Analyzing Qualitative Data
  • 11.1. Introduction
  • 11.2. Goals and Stages of Qualitative Analysis
  • 11.3. Content Analysis
  • 11.3.1. What is Content?
  • 11.3.2. Questions to Consider Before Content Analysis
  • 11.4. Analyzing Text Content
  • 11.4.1. Coding Schemes
  • 11.4.2. Coding the Text
  • 11.4.3. Ensuring High-Quality Analysis
  • 11.5. Analyzing Multimedia Content
  • 11.6. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 12 Automated Data Collection Methods
  • 12.1. Introduction
  • 12.2. Existing Tools
  • 12.2.1. Web Logs
  • 12.2.2. Stored Application Data
  • 12.3. Activity-Logging Software
  • 12.3.1. Web Proxies and Interaction Loggers
  • 12.3.2. Keystroke and Activity Loggers
  • 12.3.3. Interaction Recording Tools
  • 12.4. Custom Software
  • 12.4.1. Instrumented Software
  • 12.4.2. Research Software
  • 12.5. Hybrid Data Collection Methods
  • 12.6. Data Management and Analysis
  • 12.6.1. Handling Stored Data
  • 12.6.2. Analyzing Log Files
  • 12.7. Automated Interface Evaluation
  • 12.8. Challenges of Computerized Data Collection
  • 12.9. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 13 Measuring the Human
  • 13.1. Introduction
  • 13.2. Eye Tracking
  • 13.2.1. Background
  • 13.2.2. Applications
  • 13.3. Motion and Position Tracking
  • 13.3.1. Muscular and Skeletal Position Sensing
  • 13.3.2. Motion Tracking for Large Displays and Virtual Environments
  • 13.4. Physiological Tools
  • 13.4.1. Physiological Data
  • 13.5. Data Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation
  • 13.5.1. Data Collection
  • 13.5.2. Data Analysis
  • 13.5.3. Data Interpretation
  • 13.6. Examples
  • 13.7. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 14 Online and Ubiquitous HCI Research
  • 14.1. Introduction
  • 14.2. Online Research
  • 14.2.1. Observational Online Studies
  • 14.2.2. Online Data Collection
  • 14.2.3. Online Activity
  • 14.2.4. Online Research Design Challenges
  • 14.3. Human Computation
  • 14.3.1. Introduction to Human Computation
  • 14.3.2. Conducting Human Computation Studies
  • 14.3.3. Future of Human Computation
  • 14.4. Sensors and Ubiquitous Computing
  • 14.4.1. History and Examples
  • 14.4.2. Ubiquitous Computing Research Methods
  • 14.5. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 15 Working With Human Subjects
  • 15.1. Introduction
  • 15.2. Identifying Potential Participants
  • 15.2.1. Which Subjects?
  • 15.2.2. How Many Subjects?
  • Contents note continued: 15.2.3. Recruiting Participants
  • 15.3. Care and Handling of Research Participants
  • 15.3.1. Risks and Concerns of Research Participants
  • 15.3.2. Protecting Privacy
  • 15.3.3. Institutional Review Boards
  • 15.3.4. Informed Consent
  • 15.3.5. Respecting Participants
  • 15.3.6. Additional Concerns
  • 15.3.7. International Concerns
  • 15.4. Human Subjects Research and the Public Trust
  • 15.5. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 16 Working With Research Participants With Disabilities
  • 16.1. Introduction
  • 16.2. Participants
  • 16.2.1. Inclusion Criteria
  • 16.2.2. Differing Levels of Ability
  • 16.2.3. Recruitment of Participants With Disabilities
  • 16.2.4. Communicating With People Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
  • 16.2.5. Communicating With People With Moderate to Severe Speech Impairments
  • 16.2.6. Proxy Users
  • 16.3. Methodological Considerations
  • 16.3.1. Small Sample Sizes
  • 16.3.2. Distributed Research
  • 16.3.3. In-Depth Case Studies
  • 16.3.4. Consistent Technical Environment or Best Case Scenario?
  • 16.3.5. Interventions
  • 16.4. Logistics
  • 16.4.1. Communicating With Potential Participants
  • 16.4.2. Pilot Studies
  • 16.4.3. Scheduling Data Collection Involving Users With Disabilities
  • 16.4.4. Involving Participants With Cognitive Disabilities/Intellectual Impairments
  • 16.4.5. Documentation for Users With Disabilities
  • 16.4.6. Bringing Extra Computer Parts
  • 16.4.7. Payment
  • 16.5. Summary
  • References.

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