Stable isotope forensics : methods and forensic applications of stable isotope analysis

Stable isotope forensics : methods and forensic applications of stable isotope analysis /

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Meier-Augenstein, Wolfram (Author)
Corporate Author: ProQuest (Firm)
Format: Electronic eBook
Language:English
Published: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2018.
Edition:Second edition.
Series:Developments in forensic science.
Subjects:
Chemistry, Forensic.
Stable isotopes.
Online Access:Connect to this title online (unlimited simultaneous users allowed; 325 uses per year)
Table of Contents:
  • Machine generated contents note: I. How it Works
  • I.1. What arc Stable Isotopes'?
  • I.2. Natural Abundance Variation of Stable Isotopes
  • I.3. Chemically Identical and Yet Not the Same
  • I.4. Isotope Effects, Mass Discrimination and Isotopic Fractionation
  • I.4.1. Physical Chemistry Background
  • I.4.2. Fractionation Factor α and Enrichment Factor ε
  • I.4.3. Isotopic Fractionation in Rayleigh Processes
  • I.4.3.1. Isotopic Fractionation Summary
  • I.5. Stable Isotopic Distribution and Isotopic Fractionation of Light Elements in Nature
  • I.5.1. Hydrogen
  • I.5.2. Oxygen
  • I.5.3. Carbon
  • I.5.4. Nitrogen
  • I.5.5. Sulfur
  • I.5.6. Isoscapes
  • I.6. Stable Isotope Forensics in Everyday Life
  • I.6.1. "Food Forensics"
  • I.6.1.1. Authenticity and Provenance of Single-Seed Vegetable Oils
  • I.6.1.2. Authenticity and Provenance of Beverages
  • I.6.1.3. Caveats
  • I.6.2. Authenticity and Provenance of other Premium Products
  • I.6.3. Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals
  • I.6.4. Environmental Forensics
  • I.6.5. Wildlife Forensics
  • I.6.6. Anti-Doping Control
  • I.7. Summary of Part I
  • References Part I
  • II. Instrumentation, Analytical Techniques and Data Quality
  • II.1. Mass Spectrometry versus Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
  • II.1.1. Stability, Isotopic Linearity and Isotopic Calibration
  • II.2. Instrumentation for Stable Isotope Analysis
  • II.2.1. Dual-Inlet IRMS Systems
  • II.2.2. Continuous-Flow IRMS Systems
  • II.2.3. Bulk Material Stable Isotope Analysis
  • II.2.3.1. 13C, 15N and 34S
  • II.2.3.2. 2H and 18O
  • II.2.4. Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds
  • II.2.4.1. Compound-Specific 13C or 15N Analysis by GC/C-IRMS
  • II.2.4.2. Compound-Specific 2H or 18O Analysis by GC/HTC-IRMS
  • II.2.4.3. Position-Specific Isotope Analysis
  • II.2.5. Compound-Specific 13C/15N Analysis of Polar, Non-Volatile Organic Compounds by LC-IRMS
  • II.2.6. Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis and Forensic Compound Identification
  • II.3. Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Continuous-Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
  • II.3.1. Compliance with IUPAC Guidelines is a Prerequisite not a Luxury
  • II.3.2. Identical Treatment Principle
  • II.3.3. Importance of Scale Normalization
  • II.3.3.1. Scale Normalization of Measured δ2H Values to VSMOW
  • II.3.3.2. Scale Normalization of Measured δ13C Values to VPDB
  • II.3.3.3. Scale Normalization of Measured δ18O Values to VSMOW
  • II.3.3.4. Scale Normalization of Measured δ15N Values to Air
  • II.3.3.5. Scale Normalization of Measured δ34S Values to VCDT
  • II.4. Points of Note for Stable Isotope Analysis
  • II.4.1. Preparing for Analysis
  • II.4.2. Generic Considerations for BSIA
  • II.4.2.3. Scale Normalization of BSIA
  • II.4.2.2. Keeping Your Powder Dry
  • II.4.2.3. Isobaric Interference
  • II.4.2.4. Ionization Quench Effect
  • II.4.3. Particular Considerations for BSIA
  • II.4.3.1. Bulk 15N Analysis of Nitrates
  • II.4.3.2. Bulk 2hH Analysis of Nitrogen-Rich Compounds
  • II.4.3.3. Total δ2-H versus True δ2H Values
  • 11.4.3.4. Organic Compounds with Exchangeable Hydrogen and Implications for 2H Abundance Analysis
  • II.4.3.4.1. Chemical and Biochemical Considerations
  • Example: Hair
  • II.4.3.5. 2H Analysis of Human Hair
  • II.4.3.5.1. Two-Point Equilibration with Water at Ambient Temperature
  • II.4.3.5.2. Two-Point End-Member Comparative Equilibration
  • II.4.3.5.3. On-Line Two-Point End-Member Comparative Steam Equilibration
  • II.4.4. Points of Note for CSIA
  • II.4.4.1. Scale Normalization of GC-IRMS Analyses
  • II.4.4.2. Isotope Effects in GC-IRMS during Sample Injection
  • II.4.4.3. Chromatographic Isotope Effect in GC-IRMS
  • II.4.4.4. Derivatization of Polar Compounds for GC-IRMS
  • II.4.4.5. Compound-Specific 2H Analysis of N- or C1-Rich Compounds
  • II.5. Statistical Analysis of Stable Isotope Data within a Forensic Context
  • II.5.1. Chemometric Analysis
  • II.5.2. Bayesian Analysis
  • II.6. Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Forensic Stable Isotope Analysis
  • II.6.1. Accreditation to ISO 17025
  • II.6.1.1. Who Assesses the Assessors?
  • II.6.2. Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Network
  • II.7. Summary of Part II
  • II.A. How to Set Up a Laboratory for Continuous-Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
  • II.A.1. Pre-Installation Requirements
  • II.A.2. Laboratory Location
  • II.A.3. Temperature Control
  • II.A.4. Power Supply
  • II.A.5. Gas Supply
  • II.A.6. Forensic Laboratory Considerations
  • II.A.7. Finishing Touches
  • II.B. Sources of International Reference Materials and Tertiary Standards
  • II.C. Selected Sample Preparation Protocols
  • II.C.1. Derivatization of Amino Acids for Compound Specific Isotope Analysis by GC-IRMS
  • II.2. Acid Digest of Carbonate from Bio-apatite for 13C and 18O Analysis
  • II.C.3. Preparing Silver Phosphate from Bio-apatite for 18O Analysis
  • II.C.4. Two-Point Water Equilibration Protocol for Determination of Non-ex δ2H Values of Human Hair
  • II.D. Internet Sources of Guidance and Policy Documents
  • References Part II
  • III. Stable Isotope Forensics: Case Studies and Current Research
  • III.1. Forensic Context
  • III.1.1. Legal Context
  • III.2. Distinguishing Drugs
  • III.2.1. Natural and Semisynthetic Drugs
  • III.2.1.1. Marijuana
  • III.2.1.2. Morphine and Heroin
  • III.2.1.3. Cocaine
  • III.2.2. Synthetic Drugs
  • III.2.2.1. Amphetamines
  • III.2.2.2. Methamphetamine: Synthesis and Isotopic Signature
  • III.2.2.2.1. Two Different Synthetic Routes
  • Clandestine Conditions
  • III.2.2.3. MDMA: Synthesis and Isotopic Signature
  • III.2.2.3.1. Three Different Synthetic Routes
  • Controlled Conditions
  • III.2.2.3.2. One Synthetic Route
  • Variable Conditions
  • III.2.3. "Legal Highs" and "Designer Drugs"
  • III.2.3.1. Mephedrone
  • III.2.3.2. Piperazines
  • III.2.4. Excipients
  • III.2.5. Conclusions
  • III.3. Elucidating Explosives
  • III.3.1. Stable Isotope Analysis of Explosives and Precursors
  • III.3.1.1. Ammonium Nitrate (AN)
  • III.3.1.2. Hexamine, RDX, C4 and Semtex
  • III.3.1.3. Isotopic Product/Precursor Relationship
  • III.3.1.3.1. RDX and HMX
  • III.3.1.3.2. HMTD and TATP
  • III.3.1.4. Hydrogen Peroxide
  • III.3.2. Potential Pitfalls
  • III.3.3. Conclusions
  • III.4. Matching Matchsticks
  • III.4.1. 13C-Bulk Isotope Analysis
  • III.4.2. 18O-Bulk Isotope Analysis
  • III.4.3. 2H-Bulk Isotope Analysis
  • III.4.4. Matching Matches from Fire Scenes
  • III.4.5. Conclusions
  • III.5. Provenancing People
  • III.5.1. Stable Isotope Abundance Variation in Human Tissue
  • III.5.1.1. Hair and Nails
  • III.5.1.1.1. Characteristics of Hair
  • III.5.1.1.2. Characteristics of Nails
  • III.5.1.1.3. Diagenetic Changes of Keratin
  • III.5.1.1.4. 2H Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail
  • III.5.1.1.5. 18O Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail
  • III.5.1.1.6. 13C Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail
  • III.5.1.1.7. 15N Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail
  • III.5.1.2. Bone and Teeth
  • III.5.1.2.1. Chemical Composition of Bono and Teeth
  • III.5.1.2.2. Static versus Remodelling Tissue Compartments
  • III.5.1.2.3. Diagenetic Changes of Hone and Teeth Mineral
  • III.5.1.2.4. Diagenetic Changes of Type I Collagen
  • III.5.1.2.5. 18O Isotopic Record in Carbonate and Phosphate from Bio-apatite
  • III.5.1.2.6. 13C Isotopic Record in Carbonate from Bio-apatite
  • III.5.1.2.7. Isotopic Record in Type I Collagen
  • III.5.1.3. Trophic Level Shift Effect on Stable Isotope Abundance Values in Human Tissue
  • III.5.2. Case Examples
  • III.5.2.1. Skull from the Sea
  • III.5.2.2. Human Life Recorded in Hair
  • III.5.2.3. Found in Newfoundland
  • III.5.2.4. Case of "The Scissor Sisters"
  • III.5.2.5. Too Short a Life
  • III.5.2.6. Saltair Sally
  • III.5.2.7. Tale of Two Cultures
  • III.5.3. Conclusions and Caveats
  • III.6. Stable Isotope Forensics of Other Physical Evidence
  • III.6.1. Microbial Isotope Forensics
  • III.6.2. Toxins and Poisons
  • III.6.3. Paper, Plastic (Bags) and Parcel Tape
  • III.6.3.1. Paper
  • III.6.3.2. Plastic and Plastic Bags
  • III.6.3.3. Parcel Tape
  • III.6.4. Conclusions
  • III.7. Evaluative Interpretation of Forensic Stable Isotope Data
  • III.7.1. Not Scale Referenced δ-Values
  • III.7.2. Unresolved Contradictory Data
  • III.7.2.1. Example: "Geographic Provenance of a Murder Victim"
  • III.7.2.2. Example: "Manslaughter due to Negligence"
  • III.7.3. Foregone Conclusions
  • III.7.4. Logical Fallacies
  • III.7.5. Untested Assumptions
  • III.7.6. Conclusion
  • III.8. Summary of Part III
  • III.A. Abridged List of Forensic Stable Isotope Laboratories Worldwide
  • References Part III.

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