Distributed fiber optic sensing and dynamic rating of power cables

Distributed fiber optic sensing and dynamic rating of power cables /

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Cherukupalli, Sudhakar Ellapragada, 1954- (Author), Anders, George J. (Author)
Corporate Author: ProQuest (Firm)
Format: Electronic eBook
Language:English
Published: Piscataway, NJ : Hoboken, New Jersey : IEEE Press ; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2020]
Series:IEEE Press series on power engineering.
Subjects:
Electric cables > Testing.
Optical fiber detectors.
Online Access:Connect to this title online (unlimited simultaneous users allowed; 325 uses per year)
Table of Contents:
  • Machine generated contents note: 1. Application of FiberOptic Sensing
  • 1.1. Types of Available FO Sensors
  • 1.2. Fiber Optic Applications for Monitoring of Concrete Structures
  • 1.3. Application of FO Sensing Systems in Mines
  • 1.4. Composite Aircraft Wing Monitoring
  • 1.5. Application in the Field of Medicine
  • 1.6. Application in the Power Industry
  • 1.6.1. Brief Literature Review
  • 1.6.2. Monitoring of Strain in the Overhead Conductor of Transmission Lines
  • 1.6.3. Temperature Monitoring of Transformers
  • 1.6.4. Optical Current Measurements
  • 1.7. Application for Oil, Gas, and Transportation Sectors
  • 2. Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing
  • 2.1. Introduction
  • 2.2. Advantages of the Fiber Optic Technology
  • 2.3. Disadvantages of the Distributed Sensing Technology
  • 2.4. Power Cable Applications
  • 3. Distributed Fiber Optic Temperature Sensing
  • 3.1. Fundamental Physics of DTS Measurements
  • 3.1.1. Rayleigh Scattering
  • 3.1.2. Raman Spectroscopy
  • 3.1.3. Brillouin Scattering
  • 3.1.4. Time and Frequency Domain Reflectometry
  • 4. Optical Fibers, Connectors, and Cables
  • 4.1. Optical Fibers
  • 4.1.1. Construction of the Fiber Optic Cable and Light Propagation Principles
  • 4.1.2. Protection and Placement of Optical Fibers in Power Cable Installations
  • 4.1.3. Comparison of Multiple and Single-Mode Fibers
  • 4.2. Optical Splicing
  • 4.3. Fiber Characterization
  • 4.4. Standards for Fiber Testing
  • 4.4.1. Fiber Optic Testing
  • 4.4.2. Fiber Optic Systems and Subsystems
  • 4.5. Optical Connectors
  • 4.6. Utility Practice for Testing of Optical Fibers
  • 4.7. Aging and Maintenance
  • 5. Types of Power Cables and Cable with Integrated Fibers
  • 5.1. Methods of Incorporating DTS Sensing Optical Fibers (Cables) into Power Transmission Cable Corridors
  • 5.1.1. Integration of Optical Cable into Land Power Cables
  • 5.1.2. Integration of Optical Cable into Submarine Power Cables
  • 5.1.3. Other Types of Constructions
  • 5.1.4. Example of Construction of the Stainless Steel Sheathed Fiber Optic Cable
  • 5.1.5. Example of a Retrofit Placement of an Optical Cable into 525 kV Submarine SCFF Power Cable Conductor
  • 5.1.5.1. Objectives of the Project
  • 5.1.5.2. Installation
  • 5.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Placement of Optical Fibers in the Cable
  • 5.2.1. Example with Placement of FO Sensors at Different Locations Within the Cable Installation
  • 5.3. What Are Some of the Manufacturing Challenges?
  • 6. DTS Systems
  • 6.1. What Constitutes a DTS System?
  • 6.2. Interpretation and Application of the Results Displayed by a DTS System
  • 6.2.1. General
  • 6.2.2. Comparison of Measured and Calculated Temperatures
  • 6.3. DTS System Calibrators
  • 6.4. Computers
  • 6.5. DTS System General Requirements
  • 6.5.1. General Requirements
  • 6.5.2. Summary of Performance and Operating Requirements
  • 6.5.3. Electromagnetic Compatibility Performance Requirements for the Control PC and the DTS Unit
  • 6.5.4. Software Requirements for the DTS Control
  • 6.5.5. DTS System Documentation
  • 7. DTS System Calibrators
  • 7.1. Why Is Calibration Needed?
  • 7.2. How Should One Undertake the Calibration?
  • 7.3. Accuracy and Annual Maintenance and Its Impact on the Measurement Accuracy
  • 8. DTS System Factory and Site Acceptance Tests
  • 8.1. Factory Acceptance Tests
  • 8.1.1. Factory QA Tests on the Fiber Optic Cable
  • 8.1.2. FIMT Cable Tests
  • 8.1.3. Temperature Accuracy Test
  • 8.1.4. Temperature Resolution Test
  • 8.1.5. Temperature Reading Stability Test
  • 8.1.6. Long-Term Temperature Stability Test
  • 8.1.7. Transient Response Test
  • 8.1.8. Initial Functional Test and Final Inspection
  • 8.2. DTS Site Acceptance Tests (SAT)
  • 8.2.1. Final Visual Inspection and Verification of Software Functionality
  • 8.2.2. Functionality Test on the DTS Unit
  • 8.2.3. Verification of the Optical Switch
  • 8.2.4. System Control Tests
  • 8.2.5. System Integration Test with Control Center (if Applicable)
  • 8.3. Typical Example of DTS Site Acceptance Tests
  • 8.4. Site QA Tests on the Optical Cable System
  • 8.5. Site Acceptance Testing of Brillouin-Based DTS Systems
  • 8.6. Testing Standards That Pertain to FO Cables
  • 9. How Can Temperature Data Be Used to Forecast Circuit Ratings?
  • 9.1. Introduction
  • 9.2. Ampacity Limits
  • 9.2.1. Steady-State Summer and Winter Ratings
  • 9.2.2. Overload Ratings
  • 9.2.3. Dynamic Ratings
  • 9.3. Calculation of Cable Ratings - A Review
  • 9.3.1. Steady-State Conditions
  • 9.3.2. Transient Conditions
  • 9.3.2.1. Response to a Step Function
  • 9.4. Application of a DTS for Rating Calculations
  • 9.4.1. Introduction
  • 9.4.2. Review of the Existing Approaches
  • 9.4.3. Updating the Unknown Parameters
  • 9.5. Prediction of Cable Ratings
  • 9.5.1. Load Forecasting Methodology
  • 9.6. Software Applications and Tools
  • 9.6.1. CYME Real-Time Thermal Rating System
  • 9.6.1.1. Verification of the Model
  • 9.6.2. EPRI Dynamic Thermal Circuit Rating
  • 9.6.3. DRS Software by JPS (Sumitomo Corp) in Japan
  • 9.6.4. RTTR Software by LIOS
  • 9.7. Implementing an RTTR System
  • 9.7.1. Communications with EMS
  • 9.7.2. Communications with the Grid Operator
  • 9.7.3. IT-Security, Data Flow, Authentication, and Vulnerability Management
  • 9.7. Remote Access to the RTTR Equipment
  • 9.8. Conclusions
  • 10. Examples of Application of a DTS System in a Utility Environment
  • 10.1. Sensing Cable Placement in Cable Corridors
  • 10.2. Installation of the Fiber Optic Cable
  • 10.3. Retrofits and a 230 kV SCFF Transmission Application
  • 10.3.1. Early 230 kV Cable Temperature Profiling Results
  • 10.3.2. Location, Mitigation, and Continued Monitoring of the 230 kV Hot Spots
  • 10.4. Example of a DTS Application on 69 kV Cable System
  • 10.5. Verification Steps
  • 10.5.1. Analytical Methods
  • 10.5.2. Dynamic Thermal Circuit Ratings
  • 10.6. Challenges and Experience with Installing Optical Fibers on Existing and New Transmission Cables in a Utility Environment
  • 11. Use of Distributed Sensing for Strain Measurement and Acousitc Monitoring in Power Cables
  • 11.1. Introduction
  • 11.2. Strain Measurement
  • 11.3. Example of Strain Measurement of a Submarine Power Cable
  • 11.3.1. Introduction
  • 11.3.2. Importance of Tight Buffer Cable
  • 11.3.3. Description of the Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (BOTDR) System for Strain Measurement
  • 11.3.4. Experimental Setup
  • 11.3.5. Measurement Results
  • 11.3.6. Discussion
  • 11.4. Calculation of the Cable Stress from the Strain Values
  • 11.5. Conclusions from the DSM Tests
  • 11.6. Distributed Acoustic Sensing
  • 11.7. Potential DAS Applications in the Power Cable Industry
  • 11.8. Example of a DAS Application in the USA
  • 11.9. Example of a DAS Application in Scotland
  • 11.10. Conclusions.

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