The Water Professional's Guide to Infectious Disease Outbreaks

The Water Professional's Guide to Infectious Disease Outbreaks /

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Bibliographic Details
Corporate Authors: Water Environment Federation, ProQuest (Firm)
Format: Electronic eBook
Language:English
Published: Alexandria, VA : Water Environment Federation, 2023.
Subjects:
Waterborne infection > Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Communicable Diseases > transmission.
Online Access:Connect to this title online (unlimited simultaneous users allowed; 325 uses per year)
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Title Page
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • List of Figures
  • List of Tables
  • Preface
  • Chapter 1 What Are Infectious Disease Outbreaks?: Rasha Maal-Bared, PhD
  • Kari Brisolara
  • Keerthi Palanisamy
  • Leilani Perriatt
  • &amp
  • Albert Rubin
  • 1.0 Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses
  • 1.1 History of Infectious Agents and Disease Outbreaks
  • 1.2 What Are Zoonoses?
  • 2.0 Definitions You Should Know
  • 2.1 Public Health Definitions
  • 2.2 Microbiology Definitions
  • 2.3 Water and Wastewater Treatment Definitions
  • 2.4 Molecular Biology Definitions
  • 3.0 Impacts on Economies, Communities, and Water Resource Recovery Facilities
  • 3.1 Impacts on the Economy, Health Care, and Other Areas
  • 3.2 Impacts on Water Resource Recovery Facilities-The COVID-19 Case Study
  • 3.2.1 Lockdowns and Changes in Consumption Patterns
  • 3.2.2 Increased Use of Wipes
  • 3.2.3 Increased Consumption of Antibiotics, Disinfectants, and Cleaning Products
  • 4.0 Resources
  • 4.1 Publicly Available
  • 4.2 Require Access
  • Chapter 2 Pathogens in Wastewater: Chuck Gerba
  • Tiong Gim Aw, PhD
  • Bo Li
  • Prakit Saingam
  • Samendra Sherchan
  • &amp
  • Mark Sobsey
  • 1.0 Classifications and Characteristics Relevant to Removal, Inactivation, or Control Microorganisms
  • 1.1 Classes and Their Properties
  • 1.2 The Chain of Infection
  • 2.0 Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases in Water Resource Recovery Facility Workers
  • 2.1 Major Routes of Exposure in Wastewater Systems
  • 2.1.1 Untreated Wastewater
  • 2.1.2 Bioaerosols
  • 2.1.3 Sludge and Biosolids
  • 2.2 Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Among Wastewater Workers
  • 3.0 Relevant Pathogens
  • 3.1 Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene-Related Pathogens
  • 3.1.1 Bacterial
  • 3.1.1.1 Campylobacter
  • 3.1.1.2 Escherichia coli and Its Pathogenic Strains
  • 3.1.1.3 Salmonella
  • 3.1.1.4 Vibrio cholerae
  • 3.1.1.5 Shigella.
  • 3.1.1.6 Yersiniae enterocolitica
  • 3.1.2 Viral
  • 3.1.2.1 Aichi Viruses
  • 3.1.2.2 Adenoviruses
  • 3.1.2.3 Astroviruses
  • 3.1.2.4 Enteroviruses
  • 3.1.2.5 Hepatitis A
  • 3.1.2.6 Norovirus
  • 3.1.2.7 Rotavirus
  • 3.1.2.8 Sapovirus
  • 3.1.2.9 Reoviruses
  • 3.1.2.10 Parechovirus
  • 3.1.3 Protozoa
  • 3.1.3.1 Cryptosporidium
  • 3.1.3.2 Cyclospora
  • 3.1.3.3 Entamoebah histolytica
  • 3.1.3.4 Giardia
  • 3.1.3.5 Toxoplasma gondii
  • 3.1.3.6 Balantidium coli-Less Relevant
  • 3.1.3.7 Blastocystis hominis
  • 3.1.3.8 Cystoisospora belli (Formerly Isospora)
  • 3.1.4 Fungi-Microsporidia
  • 3.1.5 Helminths
  • 3.2 Other Pathogens of Interest
  • 3.2.1 Enteric
  • 3.2.1.1 Leptospira-Common in Mice, Rodent Vector Control Issues
  • 3.2.1.2 Aeromonas hydrophila and Other Pathogenic Species
  • 3.2.1.3 Klebsiella Spp., Especially Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • 3.2.1.4 Clostridium difficile
  • 3.2.1.5 Clostridium perfringens (Primarily Foodborne and Detected as a Fecal Indicator)
  • 3.2.1.6 Clostridium tetani (Cause of Tetanus From Wound and Related Exposures)
  • 3.2.1.7 Helicobacter Pylori
  • 3.2.1.8 MRSA and Other Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
  • 3.2.1.9 Hepatitis E
  • 3.2.2 Non-enteric
  • 3.2.2.1 Staphylococcus aureus
  • 3.2.2.2 Hepatitis B
  • 3.2.2.3 Free-Living Amoeba-Acanthamoeba culbertsoni and A. keratitis
  • 3.2.2.4 Free-Living Amoeba-Naegleria fowleri
  • 3.2.2.5 Legionella pneumophila
  • 3.2.2.6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • 3.2.2.7 Mycobacterium Avium Complex
  • 3.2.3 Viruses That Receive Public Attention but That Have Limited Relevance in Wastewater
  • 4.0 Resources for Additional Information on Specific Pathogens
  • 4.1 Publicly Available
  • 4.2 Additional Resources
  • Chapter 3 Current State of the Knowledge on Treatment Efficacy: Kari Brisolara
  • Philip Block, PhD
  • Chuck Gerba
  • Bob Reimers
  • Jenny Reina
  • Stan Shmia
  • Jay Swift
  • &amp
  • Yue Xu, PhD.
  • 1.0 Introduction-overall Pathogens Removals
  • 2.0 Wastewater Treatment to Protect Public Health
  • 2.1 Effluent-UV
  • 2.1.1 Chemistry
  • 2.1.2 Mode of Action
  • 2.1.3 Inactivation/Log Removals
  • 2.1.4 Pros and Cons
  • 2.1.4.1 Pros
  • 2.1.4.2 Cons
  • 2.2 Effluent-Chlorine, Chloramine, and Chlorine Dioxide
  • 2.2.1 Chemistry
  • 2.2.1.1 Chlorine Demand
  • 2.2.1.2 Breakpoint Chlorination
  • 2.2.2 Mode of Action
  • 2.2.2.1 Chlorine Gas
  • 2.2.2.2 Sodium Hypochlorite
  • 2.2.2.3 Chloramine
  • 2.2.3 Inactivation/Log Removals
  • 2.2.4 Pros and Cons
  • 2.2.4.1 Pros
  • 2.2.4.2 Cons
  • 2.3 Effluent-Peracetic Acid and Performic Acid
  • 2.3.1 Inactivation/Removal
  • 2.3.2 Pros and Cons
  • 2.3.2.1 Pros
  • 2.3.2.2 Cons
  • 2.4 Effluent-Ozone
  • 2.4.1 Mode of Action
  • 2.4.2 Inactivation/Log Removal
  • 2.4.3 Pros and Cons
  • 2.5 Biosolids
  • 2.5.1 Class A and Class B
  • 2.5.2 Overview of Treatment Types With Pros/Cons
  • 2.5.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion
  • 2.5.2.2 Aerobic Digestion
  • 2.5.2.3 Alkaline Stabilization
  • 2.5.2.4 Composting
  • 2.5.2.5 Thermal Drying
  • 2.5.2.6 Pasteurization
  • 2.6 Hospital Effluent
  • 2.6.1 Hazards Associated With Medical Waste
  • 2.6.2 Approved Methods to Disinfect Infectious Wastes
  • 2.6.2.1 Incineration (Thermal Destruction)
  • 2.6.2.2 Steam Sterilization (Autoclave)
  • 2.6.2.3 Dry Heat Sterilization/Thermal Inactivation
  • 2.6.2.4 Chemical Disinfection
  • 2.6.2.5 Irradiation Technologies (Gamma, Microwave, and E-beam)
  • 2.6.2.6 Emerging Technologies: Shredding Medical Waste Followed by Disinfectant
  • 2.6.3 Summary of Pros and Cons of Treatment and Disposal Options
  • 3.0 Monitoring Water for Pathogens
  • 3.1 Molecular Versus Culture-Based Methods
  • 3.1.1 Culture-Based Methods
  • 3.1.2 Molecular-Based Methods
  • 3.1.3 Limitations of Each Approach (Pros and Cons) in Relation With Public Health Decision-Making.
  • 3.1.3.1 Culture-Based Approaches
  • 3.1.3.2 Molecular Approaches
  • 3.2 Types of Indicators
  • 3.2.1 Bacterial Indicators and Their Standard Methods
  • 3.2.2 Protozoan Indicators and Their Standard Methods
  • 3.2.3 Viral Indicators and Their Standard Methods
  • 3.2.3.1 Bacteriophages
  • 3.2.3.2 Other (PMMoV, Adenovirus)
  • 4.0 Low- and High-resource Settings
  • 4.1 Defining the Issue
  • 4.2 Technologies and Solutions
  • 5.0 Resources
  • 5.1 Publicly Available
  • 5.2 Require Access
  • Chapter 4 Understanding Risk and Knowledge Gaps: Mark Sobsey, Lee Gary, Bo Li, Prakit Saingam, &amp
  • Samendra Sherchan
  • 1.0 Assessing Risk
  • 1.1 Qualitative Comparisons
  • 1.2 Quantitative Assessments Using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment and Disability Adjusted Life Year
  • 1.2.1 How the World Health Organization Uses DALYs to Quantify Risks
  • 1.2.2 What Is QMRA, and How Is It Conducted?
  • 1.2.3 Approaches and Metrics Used to Evaluate and Quantify Risk
  • 2.0 Examples of Risk Analyses and Associated Metrics
  • 2.1 Health Risk-Based Guidance for the Safe Use of Human Fecal Wastes for Agriculture
  • 2.2 Health Risk-Based Microbial Standards for Treatment of Human Wastes Using Commercial Nonsewered Sanitation Systems On-Site
  • 2.3 Health Risk Analysis for the Microbial Quality of Drinking Water
  • 2.4 Epidemiological Health Risk-Based Approach to Address Pathogen Risks in Recreational Waters
  • 2.5 Categorical Health Risk Analysis in Relation to Bacteriological Quality of Bathing Waters Based on Field Epidemiological Studies
  • 2.6 Assessing and Managing Health Risks from Legionella in Water
  • 3.0 Managing Risk and Promoting Preparedness
  • 3.1 Identifying, Isolating, and Treating Infections to Prevent and Control Them
  • 3.2 Vaccinations and Vaccines Against Known Pathogens
  • 3.3 Disinfecting Hospital Waste and Similar Wastes Present in Communities.
  • 3.4 Disinfecting Surfaces and Tools
  • 3.5 Hygiene Practices, Such as Handwashing at Critical Times
  • 3.5.1 Handwashing at Critical Times
  • 3.5.2 Other Hygiene Measures
  • 3.6 Preventing or Reducing Exposure to Pathogens
  • 3.6.1 Personal Protective Equipment
  • 3.6.2 Engineering Controls of Pathogens
  • 3.7 Awareness, Education, and Communication
  • 4.0 Case Study: Using Qmra to Assess the Risk of Ebola Transmission to Wastewater Workers
  • 5.0 Resources
  • 5.1 Publicly Available
  • 5.2 Require Access and/or Cited in Text
  • Chapter 5 Utility Management and Operation: Learning From Others: Aditya Ramamurthy, Nija Ali, Adam Baron, Stephanie Corso, Shea Dunifon, Maureen Holman, Alexandra Lampson, Dusti Lowndes, Scott Perry, &amp
  • Nelson Sims
  • 1.0 Understanding the Macroeconomy
  • 2.0 The Circular Economy
  • 3.0 Operational Excellence and Performance
  • 4.0 Business Continuity: The Dc Water Case
  • 4.1 Financial Measures
  • 4.1.1 Affordability, Access, and Customer Assistance
  • 4.1.2 Revenue Streams (e.g., Reduced Usage, Extended Periods of Nonpayment)
  • 4.1.3 Customer-Focused Assistance Programs
  • 4.1.3.1 DC Water Cares
  • 4.1.3.2 Emergency Residential Relief
  • 4.1.3.3 Multifamily Assistance Program for Tenants and Renters
  • 4.1.4 Utility Financing Strategies
  • 4.1.5 Funding and Grants
  • 4.2 Cybersecurity
  • 4.3 Utility Workforce
  • 4.3.1 Recruitment, Retention, and Staff Engagement
  • 4.3.2 Motivation and Morale (Internal and Customer Facing)
  • 4.3.3 Union Engagement and Policy Flexibility
  • 5.0 Risk Management
  • 5.1 Customer Risks
  • 5.2 Risk Identification and Response Strategies
  • 6.0 Utility Operations Leveraging the Incident Management Team
  • 6.1 Incident Management for Common Operation Picture and Span of Control
  • 6.1.1 Incident Management and Incident Command
  • 6.1.2 Incident Management Team.

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