Subjects: “…Photovoltaic power generation Congresses. http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2010106196…”

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Table of Contents: “…Front Cover -- Power Electronic Converters for Solar Photovoltaic Systems -- Power Electronic Converters for Solar Photovoltaic Systems -- Copyright -- Contents -- Authors biography -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 -- Inverter topologies for solar PV -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Single-stage DC-AC converter -- 1.2.1 Inverter and its classifications -- 1.2.2 Voltage source inverter -- 1.2.3 Single-phase full-bridge inverter with R load -- 1.2.4 Pulse width modulation -- 1.2.5 Unipolar pulse width modulation inverter -- 1.2.6 Performance parameters…”
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Subjects: “…Photovoltaic power systems Data processing.…”
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Subjects: “…Photovoltaic power systems.…”
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Table of Contents: “…Working Principle of Perovskite Photovoltaics /…”
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Table of Contents: “…Varma -- 1.1 Background 1 -- 1.1.1 Concepts of Reactive and Active Power Control 1 -- 1.1.1.1 Reactive Power Control 1 -- 1.1.1.2 Active Power Control 4 -- 1.1.1.3 Frequency Response with Synchronous Machines5 -- 1.1.1.4 Fast Frequency Response 8 -- 1.2 Impacts of High Penetration of Solar PV Systems 9 -- 1.2.1 Steady-state Overvoltage 9 -- 1.2.2 Voltage Fluctuations 11 -- 1.2.3 Reverse Power Flow 11 -- 1.2.4 Transient Overvoltage 13 -- 1.2.5 Voltage Unbalance 14 -- 1.2.6 Decrease in Voltage Support Capability of Power Systems 14 -- 1.2.7 Interaction with Conventional Voltage Regulation Equipment 14 -- 1.2.8 Variability of Power Output 15 -- 1.2.9 Balancing Supply and Demand 15 -- 1.2.10 Changes in Active Power Flow in Feeders 16 -- 1.2.11 Change in Reactive Power Flow in Feeders 16 -- 1.2.12 Line Losses 17 -- 1.2.13 Harmonic Injections 17 -- 1.2.14 Low Short Circuit Levels 19 -- 1.2.15 Protection and Control Issues 20 -- 1.2.16 Short Circuit Current Issues 20 -- 1.2.17 Unintentional Islanding 21 -- 1.2.18 Frequency Regulation Issues due to Reduced Inertia 22 -- 1.2.18.1 Under Frequency Response 23 -- 1.2.18.2 Over Frequency Response 25 -- 1.2.19 Angular Stability Issues due to Reduced Inertia 26 -- 1.3 Development of Smart Inverters 28 -- 1.3.1 Developments in Germany 28 -- 1.3.2 Developments in the USA 29 -- 1.3.3 Development in Canada of Night and Day Control of Solar PV Farms as STATCOM (PVSTATCOM) 29 -- 1.4 Conclusions 29 -- References 30 -- 2 Smart Inverter Functions 35 -- 2.1 Capability Characteristics of Distributed Energy Resource (DER) 35 -- 2.1.1 Reactive Power Capability Characteristic of a Synchronous Generator 36 -- 2.2 General Considerations in Implementation of Smart Inverter Functions 37 -- 2.2.1 Performance Categories 38 -- 2.2.1.1 Normal Performance: 39 -- 2.2.1.2 Abnormal Performance 39 -- 2.2.2 Reactive Power Capability of DERs 39 -- 2.2.2.1 Active Power (Watt) Precedence Mode 40 -- 2.2.2.2 Reactive Power (Var) Precedence Mode 41 -- 2.3 Smart Inverter Functions for Reactive Power and Voltage Control 41 -- 2.3.1 Constant Power Factor Function 41 -- 2.3.2 Constant Reactive Power Function 41 -- 2.3.3 Voltage-Reactive Power (Volt-Var) Function 41 -- 2.3.4 Active Power-Reactive Power (Watt-Var or P-Q) Function 42 -- 2.3.5 Dynamic Voltage Support Function 44 -- 2.3.5.1 Dynamic Network Support Function 44 -- 2.3.5.2 Dynamic Reactive Current Support Function 45 -- 2.4 Smart Inverter Function for Voltage and Active Power Control 46 -- 2.4.1 Voltage-Active Power (Volt-Watt) Function 46 -- 2.4.2 Coordination with Volt-Var Function 48 -- 2.4.3 Dynamic Volt-Watt Function 48 -- 2.5 Low/High Voltage Ride-Through (L/H VRT) Function 50 -- 2.5.1 IEEE Standard 1547-2018 51 -- 2.5.2 North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Standard PRC-024 53 -- 2.6 Frequency-Watt Function 54 -- 2.6.1 Frequency-Watt Function 1 55 -- 2.6.2 Frequency-Watt Function 2 56 -- 2.6.3 Frequency Droop Function 56 -- 2.6.4 Frequency-Watt Function with Energy Storage 56 -- 2.7 Low/High Frequency Ride-Through (L/H FRT) Function 57 -- 2.7.1 IEEE Standard 1547-2018 58 -- 2.7.2 North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Standard PRC-024 59 -- 2.8 Ramp Rate 59 -- 2.8.1 Fast Frequency Response 61 -- 2.9 Smart Inverter Functions Related to DERs Based on Energy Storage Systems 61 -- 2.9.1 Direct Charge/Discharge Function 61 -- 2.9.2 Price-Based Charge/Discharge Function 62 -- 2.9.3 Coordinated Charge/Discharge Management Function 62 -- 2.9.3.1 Time-Based Charging Model 63 -- 2.9.3.2 Duration at Maximum Charging and Discharging Rates 63 -- 2.10 Limit Maximum Active Power Function 64 -- 2.10.1 Without Energy Storage 64 -- 2.10.2 With Energy Storage System 65 -- 2.11 Set Active Power Mode 65 -- 2.12 Active Power Smoothing Mode 65 -- 2.13 Active Power Following Function 65 -- 2.14 Prioritization of Different Functions 65 -- 2.14.1 Active Power-related Functions 66 -- 2.14.1.1 Functions Affecting Operating Boundaries 66 -- 2.14.1.2 Dynamic Functions 66 -- 2.14.1.3 Steady-State Functions Managing Watt Input/Output 66 -- 2.14.2 Reactive Power-Related Functions 66 -- 2.14.2.1 Dynamic Functions 66 -- 2.14.2.2 Steady-State Functions 66 -- 2.14.3 Smart Functions Under Abnormal Conditions 66 -- 2.15 Emerging Functions 67 -- 2.15.1 PV-STATCOM: Control of PV inverters as STATCOM during Night and Day 67 -- 2.15.2 Reactive Power at No Active Power Output 67 -- 2.16 Summary 68 -- References 68 -- 3 Modeling and Control of Three-Phase Smart PV Inverters 73 -- 3.1 Power Flow in a Smart Inverter System 73 -- 3.1.1 Active Power Flow 75 -- 3.1.1.1 Magnitude of Active Power Flow 75 -- 3.1.1.2 Direction of Active Power Flow 75 -- 3.1.2 Reactive Power Flow 75 -- 3.1.2.1 Magnitude of Reactive Power Flow 75 -- 3.1.2.2 Direction of Reactive Power Flow 76 -- 3.1.3 Implementation of Smart Inverter Functions 76 -- 3.2 Smart PV Inverter System 77 -- 3.3 Power Circuit Constituents of Smart Inverter System 79 -- 3.3.1 PV Panels 79 -- 3.3.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Scheme 82 -- 3.3.3 Non-MPP Voltage Control 82 -- 3.3.4 Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC) 83 -- 3.3.4.1 Design of DC-Link Capacitor 84 -- 3.3.5 AC Filter 84 -- 3.3.6 Isolation Transformer 86 -- 3.4 Control Circuit Constituents of Smart Inverter System 86 -- 3.4.1 Measurement Filters 86 -- 3.4.2 abc-dq Transformation 87 -- 3.4.2.1 Concept 87 -- 3.4.2.2 Theoretical Basis 88 -- 3.4.2.3 Power in abc and dq Reference Frame 91 -- 3.4.3 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) 92 -- 3.4.4 Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) 94 -- 3.4.4.1 Effect of PLL on Active and Reactive Power Output of VSC 97 -- 3.4.5 Current Controller 97 -- 3.4.6 DC-Link Voltage Controller 99 -- 3.5 Smart Inverter Voltage Controllers 100 -- 3.5.1 Volt-Var Control 101 -- 3.5.2 Closed-Loop Voltage Controller 101 -- 3.6 PV Plant Control 102 -- 3.7 Modeling Guidelines 104 -- 3.8 Summary 104 -- References 104 -- 4 PV-STATCOM: A New Smart PV Inverter and a New Facts Controller 107 -- 4.1 Concepts of PV-STATCOM 107 -- 4.2 Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) 107 -- 4.3 Static Var Compensator (SVC) 109 -- 4.3.1 Control System of SVC 110 -- 4.4 Synchronous Condenser 111 -- 4.5 Static Synchronous Compensator 113 -- 4.5.1 Control System of STATCOM 115 -- 4.6 Control Modes of SVC and STATCOM 118 -- 4.6.1 Dynamic Voltage Regulation 118 -- 4.6.1.1 Power Transfer Without Midpoint Voltage Regulation 119 -- 4.6.1.2 Power Transfer with Midpoint Voltage Regulation 119 -- 4.6.2 Modulation of Bus Voltage in Response to System Oscillations 121 -- 4.6.2.1 Damping of Power Oscillations with Reactive Power Control 121 -- 4.6.3 Load Compensation 122 -- 4.7 Photovoltaic-Static Synchronous Compensator 122 -- 4.8 Operating Modes of PV-STATCOM 124 -- 4.8.1 Nighttime 124 -- 4.8.2 Daytime with Active Power Priority 124 -- 4.8.3 Daytime with Reactive Power Priority 125 -- 4.8.3.1 Reactive Power Modulation After Full Active Power Curtailment 125 -- 4.8.3.2 Reactive Power Modulation After Partial Active Power Curtailment 126 -- 4.8.3.3 Simultaneous Active and Reactive Power Modulation After Partial Active Power Curtailment 126 -- 4.8.3.4 Simultaneous Active and Reactive Power Modulation with Pre-existing Active Power Curtailment 127 -- 4.8.4 Methodology of Modulation of Active Power 127 -- 4.9 Functions of PV-STATCOM 128 -- 4.9.1 A New Smart Inverter 128 -- 4.9.2 A New FACTS Controller 129 -- 4.10 Cost of Transforming an Existing Solar PV System into PV-STATCOM 129 -- 4.10.1 Constituents of a PV System 130 -- 4.10.2 Costing of PV-STATCOM 130 -- 4.10.2.1 Cost of 5 Mvar PV-STATCOM 131 -- 4.10.2.2 Cost of 100 Mvar PV-STATCOM 132 -- 4.10.3 Cost of a STATCOM 133 -- 4.10.3.1 Equipment Cost 133 -- 4.10.3.2 Infrastructure Costs 133 -- 4.11 Cost of Operating a PV-STATCOM 135 -- 4.11.1 Nighttime Operating Costs 135 -- 4.11.2 Daytime Operating Costs 135 -- 4.11.3 Additional Costs 135 -- 4.11.4 Technical Considerations of PV-STATCOM and STATCOM 136 -- 4.11.4.1 Number of Inverters 136 -- 4.11.4.2 Ability to Provide Full Reactive Power at Nighttime 136 -- 4.11.4.3 Transient Overvoltage and Overcurrent Rating 136 -- 4.11.4.4 Low Voltage Ride-through 136 -- 4.11.5 Potential of PV-STATCOM 137 -- 4.12 Summary 138 -- References 139 -- 5 PV-STATCOM Applications in Distribution Systems 145 -- 5.1 Night-Time Application of PV Solar Farm as STATCOM to Regulate Grid Voltage 145 -- 5.1.1 Modeling of Solar PV System 145 -- 5.1.2 Solar Farm Inverter Control 146 -- 5.1.3 Simulation Study 147 -- 5.1.4 Summary 148 -- 5.2 Increasing Wind Farm Connectivity with PV-STATCOM 148 -- 5.2.1 Study System 150 -- 5.2.2 Control System 150 -- 5.2.3 Model of Wind Farm 151 -- 5.2.4 Simulation Studies 151 -- 5.2.4.1 Mitigation of Steady-state Voltage Rise 151 -- 5.2.4.2 Control of Temporary Overvoltage 153 -- 5.2.4.3 PV-STATCOM Reactive Power Requirement 153 -- 5.2.4.4 Effect of Distance of PV-STATCOM from Wind Farm 153 -- 5.2.4.5 Increase in Wind Farm Connectivity 155 -- 5.2.5 Summary 155 -- 5.3 Dynamic Voltage Control by PV-STATCOM 156 -- 5.3.1 Study System 156 -- 5.3.2 Control System 157 -- 5.3.2.1 DC-link Voltage Control 157 -- 5.3.3 AC Voltage Control 157 -- 5.3.3.1 Power Factor Control (PFC) 157 -- 5.3.3.2 Operation Mode Selector 157 -- 5.3.4 PSCAD/EMTDC Simulation Studies 159 -- 5.3.4.1 Full STATCOM Mode - Daytime 159 -- 5.3.4.2 Full STATCOM Mode - Nighttime 161 -- 5.3.4.3 Low-voltage Ride-through (LVRT) 163 -- 5.3.5 Summary 163 -- 5.4 Enhancement of Solar Farm Connectivity by PV-STATCOM 165 -- 5.4.1 Study System 165 -- 5.4.2 System Modeling 166 -- 5.4.3 Control System 166 -- 5.4.3.1 Operation Mode Selector 168 -- 5.4.3.2 PCC Voltage Control 169 -- 5.4.3.3 TOV Detection Block 169 -- 5.4.4 Simulati ...…”
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Table of Contents: “…About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Overview and Impact of Faults in Grid Connected PV systems -- Mohammed Ali Khan -- Chapter 2: Aging Detection for Capacitors in Power Electronic Converters -- Zhaoyang Zhao, Pooya Davari, Huai Wang -- Chapter 3: Photovoltaic Module Fault. Part 1: Detection with Image Processing Approaches -- V S Bharath Kurukuru, Ahteshamul Haque -- Chapter 4: Photovoltaic Module Fault. …”
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Subjects: “…Photovoltaic power generation.…”
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Subjects: “…Photovoltaic power generation.…”
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Table of Contents: “…Introduction -- Photovoltaics -- Inverters -- Storage -- PV-systems in the Tropics -- Energy consumption for the set-up of a PV power plant -- Energy yield -- Energy input by dumping and recycling -- Total energy balance -- Optimization -- Summary.…”
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Table of Contents: “…Types of energy sources and energy production and use -- Significance of large scale photovoltaic solar power energy production -- Concentrator type photovoltaic (CPV) technologies -- Issues and problems associated with solar power system design, construction, energy production and economics -- How to design and specify large scale solar power systems -- Solar power construction and project management -- Solar power financing -- Large scale solar power system legal issues -- Proposed advanced photovoltaic solar power system technology requirements -- Micro inverters and peak power tracking (PPT) technologies -- Advanced solar power generation and integration with the smart grid -- Large scale energy storage systems.…”

Subjects: “…Photovoltaic power generation.…”